The Internet Protocol (IP) is the backbone of the modern Internet, enabling devices to communicate across vast networks. But have you ever wondered how IP addresses evolved? Let’s explore the history of IP addresses, from their inception to the widely used IPv4 and IPv6, and clarify what happened to the mysterious IPv1, IPv2, and IPv3.

What are IP Addresses?

An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to devices on a network. It serves two primary functions:

1. Identifying the host or network interface.
2. Providing the location of the host in the network for routing purposes.

The concept of IP addresses was introduced as part of the Internet Protocol Suite during the early days of the Internet, laying the foundation for global connectivity.

The Early Days: IPv1, IPv2, and IPv3

When discussing the history of IP addresses, it’s natural to wonder why IPv4 and IPv6 dominate today while IPv1, IPv2, and IPv3 seem to have disappeared. Here’s what happened:

IPv1: The Experimental Beginning

IPv1 wasn’t an official “protocol” as we know it today. It referred to the early experimental protocols developed in the 1970s during ARPANET, the precursor to the modern Internet. These early versions were used for research and development, focusing on packet-switching and basic communication between computers.

IPv2 and IPv3: Prototypes and Improvements

IPv2 and IPv3 were iterations of the experimental protocols. They introduced incremental improvements and refinements, such as support for more robust routing. These versions served as stepping stones, laying the groundwork for what would become IPv4.

These early versions were never deployed on a global scale or standardized. Instead, they were used internally by researchers to test and improve the technology.

IPv4: The First Standardized Protocol

In 1981, IPv4 was introduced with RFC 791, becoming the first officially standardized and widely implemented IP version. It brought several key features:

32-bit Addressing: Allowed for approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses.

Simplicity: Its straightforward design made it easy to implement and deploy.

Widespread Adoption: IPv4 became the backbone of the growing Internet, powering everything from email to websites.

Despite its success, IPv4’s limited address space became a concern as the Internet expanded.

The Search for a Successor: Enter IPv6

To address IPv4’s limitations, work began on a new protocol in the 1990s. The result was IPv6, introduced in 1998 with RFC 2460. Its features include:

128-bit Addressing: Providing an almost infinite number of unique addresses.

Enhanced Security: Built-in support for IPsec (Internet Protocol Security).

Improved Performance: Features like simplified packet headers and better support for multicast.

Today, IPv6 adoption is growing steadily, although IPv4 is still widely used due to legacy systems.

Why no IPv5?

Interestingly, IPv5 was a real protocol, but it was designed for experimental purposes in the 1980s under the name Internet Stream Protocol (ST or ST-II). Its primary focus was on streaming audio and video data, but it was never adopted as a successor to IPv4 due to its limitations.

The Evolution of IP Addresses: Key Milestones

1960s–1970s: The ARPANET era, where foundational concepts of packet switching and addressing were explored.

1981: IPv4 becomes the first standardized IP version.

1990s: The rise of the Internet highlights IPv4’s limitations, sparking the development of IPv6.

1998: IPv6 is introduced with significant improvements over IPv4.

2000s–Present: Gradual global adoption of IPv6, alongside innovative solutions like Network Address Translation (NAT) to extend IPv4’s usability.

History of IP Addresses

The history of IP addresses is a fascinating journey from experimental protocols like IPv1, IPv2, and IPv3 to the globally standardized IPv4 and the modern IPv6. While early versions were foundational, IPv4’s simplicity and IPv6’s scalability ensured their dominance in the internet era. As we move into an increasingly connected world, understanding this evolution highlights the ingenuity that powers the digital age.